Gardening & Agriculture June 1, 2024 8 min read

Growing Season Length by State (Frost-Free Days)

The growing season - the period between last spring frost and first fall frost - determines what you can grow and when. Here are the frost-free days for every US state.

Vegetable garden in full summer growth

Growing Season by State

The following table shows average frost-free growing season length, last spring frost, and first fall frost dates for each state's most populated agricultural areas:

StateLast Spring FrostFirst Fall FrostFrost-Free Days
AlabamaMarch 19November 1227
ArizonaMarch 1 (Phoenix)December 15288
ArkansasMarch 28November 5222
CaliforniaFeb 1 (coastal) / April 30 (mountain)Variable180-365
ColoradoMay 11October 1143
ConnecticutApril 20October 10173
FloridaJanuary 15 (N. FL) / None (S. FL)December 15300-365
GeorgiaMarch 24November 10231
IdahoMay 11October 1143
IllinoisApril 22October 14175
IowaApril 30October 7160
KansasApril 19October 17181
KentuckyApril 14October 22191
LouisianaFebruary 28December 1276
MaineMay 15September 25133
MassachusettsApril 20October 15178
MichiganMay 5October 8156
MinnesotaMay 11September 29141
MississippiMarch 15November 7237
MissouriApril 14October 21190
MontanaMay 21September 17119
NebraskaApril 30October 9162
NevadaApril 14 (Las Vegas) / June 1 (Reno)October 29 / September 22199 / 114
New YorkApril 27October 10166
North CarolinaMarch 30November 5220
North DakotaMay 21September 21123
OhioApril 23October 20180
OklahomaMarch 28November 7224
OregonMarch 25 (Portland) / May 25 (eastern)November 15 / October 1235 / 129
PennsylvaniaApril 23October 14174
TennesseeMarch 31November 1215
TexasFeb 15 (Houston) / April 1 (N. Texas)December 10 / November 10298 / 224
UtahApril 29October 14168
VirginiaApril 9October 26200
WashingtonMarch 21 (Seattle) / May 15 (eastern)November 11 / October 5235 / 143
WisconsinMay 5October 7155
WyomingMay 22September 22123

Extending the Growing Season

Gardeners use several techniques to extend the growing season beyond average frost dates:

  • Cold frames and row covers - Extend 4-6 weeks in both spring and fall
  • Greenhouses - Year-round growing possible in any climate
  • Raised beds - Soil warms faster in spring, extending planting season 2-3 weeks
  • Microclimate selection - South-facing slopes and walls with thermal mass can be 5-10°F warmer than surrounding areas

Climate Change Effects

Over the past 50 years, growing seasons in the US have lengthened by an average of 10-14 days, primarily due to earlier last spring frosts rather than later fall frosts. This trend is most pronounced in the western US and least pronounced in the Southeast.

Data sourced from Open-Meteo Historical Archive (1994-2023) and NOAA Climate Normals. All statistics represent 30-year averages unless otherwise noted.

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